How does the physical mechanism work?
C-POLAR and NanoFlashing™ questions, with the company’s answers and the sources they come from.
Last reviewed: .
All questionsWhat happens to particles that carry little or no net charge?
A particle that carries little or no charge is still met by the media it passes through.
Capture by the charge and capture by the media are both part of what the filter does, and the company publishes no division of one from the other. The Statement of Classification adds that the charge does not act on organisms only, and records that in single-pass laboratory testing the filter captured pine-needle smoke and ultrafine particles better than the control filter, and that smoke is neither a pest nor alive. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
How would positively charged particles interact with the material?
The company sets out the property and how it is measured in its Statement of Classification. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Beyond the six steps on the NanoFlashing page, the company publishes no model and no field map of the charge, and no result for a positively charged particle. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
Does particle size change the relative importance of electrical attraction?
The company publishes no model of how particle size changes the relative importance of electrical attraction against mechanical capture, and particle size is part of what its named air testing measured, in LMS Technologies, Report 9904, and LMS Technologies, Report 6847.
The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction, and NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The Statement of Classification records that in single-pass laboratory testing the filter captured pine-needle smoke and ultrafine particles better than the control filter. The Validation page names LMS Technologies, Report 9904, LMS Technologies, Report 6847, and Eurovent Certita Certification, Certificate No. 15.06.011. The Validation page also states: “Industry standards ASHRAE 52.2 Appendix J and ISO 16890 test electrostatic filters after their temporary charge is removed, showing how they perform without it.”
Certificate No. 15.06.011 can be looked up at source in the Eurovent Certita Certification certified product directory, at https://www.eurovent-certification.com/en/catalog/program/certificate/participant/model/show/202119878.
Source: C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc; Eurovent Certita Certification certified product directory, Certificate No. 15.06.011, read 6 October 2026, https://www.eurovent-certification.com/en/catalog/program/certificate/participant/model/show/202119878. A copy may be made available on our review of the request.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- C-POLAR — Validation
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5, NF Technical Products Inc.
- Eurovent Certita Certification certified product directory, Certificate No. 15.06.011, read 6 October 2026
Does the surrounding medium screen the proposed electrical interaction?
The company sets out the property and how it is measured in its Statement of Classification. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Beyond the six steps on the NanoFlashing page, the company publishes no model and no field map of the charge, and no screening measurement, in air or in any other medium. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
How far from the material surface is the proposed attraction measurable?
The company sets out the property and how it is measured in its Statement of Classification. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Beyond the six steps on the NanoFlashing page, the company publishes no model and no field map of the charge, and no distance at which the attraction was measured. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
Can accumulated dust shield the underlying surface property?
Heavy dust loading and a used filter for one year are among the conditions the material was tested under.
The Terms of Use state that a reported result describes only what the identified test found, and that each scientific or technical result must be read in light of its test conditions and qualifications. The Validation page names the conditions the material was tested under, including heavy dust loaded, fast air flow, a used filter for 1 year, after 60 washes, after 2 years of storage, and after 60C for 64 days. What the company states about a named test is the institution, the report number where the report carries one, the date, the standard where the report names one, the article tested and the result.
The company publishes no separate measurement of the charge under a dust layer; the charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/.
Reviewed on .
All questionsDoes contact with a grounded metal support change the effect?
The filter has no electrical connection, and its charge is a property at rest.
The filter is passive. It draws no power, and it has no power supply, electrode, lamp or reservoir. The company publishes no result for a filter in contact with a grounded metal support.
The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
Would stacking layers change the electrical interaction between them?
The company sets out the property and how it is measured in its Statement of Classification. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Beyond the six steps on the NanoFlashing page, the company publishes no model and no field map of the charge, and no measurement of one layer of media against another. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
Is charge distributed throughout a fibre or concentrated at its surface?
What the company measures is surface charge density.
The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. A reported result applies to the sample that was tested, under the conditions and the standard named in the report that recorded it.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.2 and 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on 21 September 2026.
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
Can a material have stable polarity while its measurable surface potential changes?
The quantity the company states for the polarity is surface charge density, and it publishes no surface-potential measurement.
The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. A reported result applies to the sample that was tested, under the conditions and the standard named in the report that recorded it.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.2 and 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on 21 September 2026.
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
Does the proposed interaction depend on the orientation of fibres?
The company sets out the property and how it is measured in its Statement of Classification. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Beyond the six steps on the NanoFlashing page, the company publishes no model and no field map of the charge, and no fibre geometry or orientation measurement. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
How is the effect distinguished from ordinary adhesion to fibres?
The company states the two together and does not separate them.
Capture by the charge and capture by the media are both part of what the filter does, and the company publishes no division of one from the other. The Statement of Classification adds that the charge does not act on organisms only, and records that in single-pass laboratory testing the filter captured pine-needle smoke and ultrafine particles better than the control filter, and that smoke is neither a pest nor alive. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
Could humidity change particle charge without changing the material itself?
The conditions listed on the Validation page are heavy dust loaded, fast air flow, used filter for 1 year, after 60 washes, after 2 years of storage, and after 60C for 64 days. The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.” They also state: “Each reported result belongs to the C-POLAR material, component, or prototype that was tested. The maker of a finished product confirms the performance of that product, because construction, processing, storage, wear, cleaning, other components, and actual use are part of it.”
Humidity is not among those conditions, and the company publishes no humidity result. What can be checked on a sample after any handling is the charge. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., sections 2.2 and 2.3.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- C-POLAR — Validation
- C-POLAR — Terms of Use
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
Is an observed surface effect reversible when the surrounding conditions change?
The polarity is described as permanent, and what is measured is surface charge density.
The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. A reported result applies to the sample that was tested, under the conditions and the standard named in the report that recorded it.
NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.2 and 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on 21 September 2026.
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
Is there evidence of charge transfer from captured particles to the material?
The company sets out the property and how it is measured in its Statement of Classification.
Beyond the six steps on the NanoFlashing page, the company publishes no model and no field map of the charge, and no charge-transfer measurement. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
Does adsorption saturate before the material loses its electrical property?
The label sets when the filter is replaced, and the company publishes no saturation measurement.
The NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label directs replacement when the pressure drop reaches the value printed on the product, or at the interval printed on it, whichever comes first, and directs that the system not be run with no filter in the track. It also directs that the filter not be washed, vacuumed, brushed, blown out or reused. A filter left in service past that point is outside the instructions it was supplied with.
The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest, and the charge is measured on every production run.
Source: NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label.
Reviewed on 21 September 2026.
Sources
- NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label
What energy account accompanies any proposed change to a captured contaminant?
The filter is intended to destroy the viruses, bacteria and fungal spores it captures. It destroys them on direct contact with the positive electric charge, by physical means, and only while the organism is captured by the positive electric charge.
NanoFlashing™ is passive. It generates no ozone, releases nothing, and adds nothing to what passes through. The air leaving the filter has had nothing added to it. The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.”
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, section 2.6, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — Terms of Use
Does the mechanism imply selectivity for one particle type over another?
The published sentence names negatively charged particles, and the Statement of Classification adds that the charge does not act on organisms only.
Capture by the charge and capture by the media are both part of what the filter does, and the company publishes no division of one from the other. The Statement of Classification adds that the charge does not act on organisms only, and records that in single-pass laboratory testing the filter captured pine-needle smoke and ultrafine particles better than the control filter, and that smoke is neither a pest nor alive. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
Can contact with oils mask the surface without removing NanoFlashing?
The label directs that the filter not be used in ducts carrying oil mist.
The company publishes no result for media that has been in contact with an oil. The NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label directs use in dry air only, and directs that the filter not be used in ducts carrying liquid water, steam or oil mist, or anywhere the media may become wet. It also directs storage flat or on edge in the original packaging, indoors and dry, away from direct sunlight and moisture, and that a filter whose media is torn, crushed, wet or visibly damaged not be installed. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
Source: NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, section 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, section 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Would a smooth film and a fibrous substrate expose the same effective surface?
A film and a filter medium are different articles, and a result belongs to the article that was tested.
The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.” They also state: “Each reported result belongs to the C-POLAR material, component, or prototype that was tested. The maker of a finished product confirms the performance of that product, because construction, processing, storage, wear, cleaning, other components, and actual use are part of it.” and “Use evidence, specifications, instructions, and warnings specific to the actual finished product and use.”
What can be checked on any filter is the charge. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. A published result belongs to the article that was tested, under the conditions named in the report that recorded it.
Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., sections 2.2 and 2.3.
Reviewed on 21 September 2026.
Sources
- C-POLAR — Terms of Use
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
Can the direction of airflow alter which NanoFlashing surfaces are accessible?
The label sets the fitting direction.
The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction, and it can act only on the air that passes through it. The company publishes no frame, gasket or bypass test for an assembly; the frame and the seal are part of the finished filter. The label for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter instructs: “Check that the filter sits square in the track with no gap at the frame.” It states: “Improper installation can reduce airflow or damage the equipment.” and “Results in a building depend on the system, the airflow, and how well the filter fits its track.” It instructs that the filter is fitted with the airflow arrow pointing toward the blower, that is, in the direction the air travels.
Source: NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 6, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label
- C-POLAR — Terms of Use
Does the proposed mechanism require direct contact with the NanoFlashing surface?
Yes, the published mechanism is contact with the charge.
The filter captures airborne particles mechanically and by electrostatic attraction. NanoFlashing™ attracts negatively charged particles through electrostatic attraction. Once attracted, the particle is captured by NanoFlashing™. When a captured pollutant has a fragile structure, NanoFlashing™ destroys it on contact through a physical mechanism. The filter is intended to destroy the viruses, bacteria and fungal spores it captures. It destroys them on direct contact with the positive electric charge, by physical means, and only while the organism is captured by the positive electric charge.
Source: C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.5 and 2.6, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on 21 September 2026.
Sources
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
How can a mechanism model separate diffusion, interception and electrical attraction?
The company points to the standards that strip a temporary charge before testing, and it publishes no model that separates the three.
The Validation page states: “Industry standards ASHRAE 52.2 Appendix J and ISO 16890 test electrostatic filters after their temporary charge is removed, showing how they perform without it.” NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
A rating belongs to the filter format named on the report or certificate that carries it and not to another format; the records named on the Validation page are LMS Technologies, Report 9904, LMS Technologies, Report 6847, and Eurovent Certita Certification, Certificate No. 15.06.011. Certificate No. 15.06.011 can be looked up at source in the Eurovent Certita Certification directory, https://www.eurovent-certification.com/en/catalog/program/certificate/participant/model/show/202119878.
Source: C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc; Eurovent Certita Certification, Certificate No. 15.06.011, https://www.eurovent-certification.com/en/catalog/program/certificate/participant/model/show/202119878.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- C-POLAR — Validation
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
- Eurovent Certita Certification, Certificate No. 15.06.011
What observation would count against the proposed mechanism rather than merely show low filtration?
The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request.
The company publishes no criterion for what would count against the mechanism. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. A reported result applies to the sample that was tested, under the conditions and the standard named in the report that recorded it.
Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 2.2 and 2.3, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc.
What is the published, testable meaning of “fragile structure” — which captured organisms qualify, and which do not?
The phrase “fragile structure” is part of the company’s own description of the mechanism, and the organisms it names are the ones the Validation page lists as tested.
The NanoFlashing™ page states: “Once attracted, the particle is captured by NanoFlashing™. When a captured pollutant has a fragile structure, NanoFlashing™ destroys it on contact through a physical mechanism.” The filter is intended to destroy the viruses, bacteria and fungal spores it captures. It destroys them on direct contact with the positive electric charge, by physical means, and only while the organism is captured by the positive electric charge. The company publishes no separate definition of the phrase, and the organisms it names are the ones the Validation page lists. The Validation page lists seven viruses: SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus 229E, Coxsackievirus B6, bovine coronavirus, pseudo-type SARS-CoV-2, influenza A H3N2 and Phi6 bacteriophage. It lists five bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. It lists four fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.” The page lists the organisms with the institutions that tested them.
Source: C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, section 2.6, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.
Reviewed on .
Sources
- C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™
- Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, section 2.6, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.
- C-POLAR — Validation
- C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3