Advertising disputes, litigation and remedies

What limitations were communicated to a buyer before any foreseeable reliance on the product?

The limits are printed on the label and set out in the Terms of Use.

The label states: “This filter treats the air that passes through it.” It also states: “It works alongside ventilation and cleaning, not in place of them.” The label states: “It is not a medical device and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease.” The label states: “Results in a building depend on the system, the airflow, and how well the filter fits its track.” The label for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter sets where the filter is used: forced-air heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in homes, businesses and institutions that take a panel filter of the stated size and run at or below the rated airflow and maximum face velocity.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice, that a reported result describes only what the identified test found, and that a laboratory reduction in a virus, bacterium, fungus, particle, or other endpoint does not establish a clinical benefit, fewer infections, disease prevention or treatment, or improved health.

Source: NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Where do public claims exceed what the primary documents actually demonstrate?

Each numbered report the company cites is named with its institution and number, and a result covers only the article and the conditions that report names.

The Validation page names what was tested, the conditions and the institutions, and it names the air-filter and safety records by institution and number. Those records include LMS Technologies, Report LMS#9904, 28 April 2025, a single-pass fractional efficiency test on a 24 × 24 × 2 in. pleated air filter in an ASHRAE 52.2 test duct, in accordance with standard LMS aerosol test procedures, and LMS Technologies, Report 6847, 5 November 2024, ASHRAE 52.2-2017 with Appendix J, on a 24 × 24 × 30 in. pocket filter, Eurovent Certita Certification, Certificate No. 15.06.011, OEKO-TEX Service GmbH, Certificate 17.0.25812, Product Safety Labs, Studies 65321 to 65324, and Intertek Building & Construction, Report 105175501SAT-001. Report 6847 is on a 24 × 24 × 30 in. pocket filter and Certificate No. 15.06.011 on a ten-pocket bag filter, not on a flat panel filter, and a rating belongs to the construction that was tested and to the conditions in the report. The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.”

A capture standard is not a destruction standard: ASHRAE 52.2 and ISO 16890 measure what a filter takes out of the air, and they say nothing about what happens to what is captured. The company's statement on destruction is its own. The filter is intended to destroy the viruses, bacteria and fungal spores it captures. It destroys them on direct contact with the positive electric charge, by physical means, and only while the organism is captured by the positive electric charge. Both numbers can be checked at source: certificate 17.0.25812 in OEKO-TEX’s public label check, and Certificate No. 15.06.011 in the Eurovent Certita Certification certified product directory. The pathogen reports the company can cite by number include these contact tests on filter media: Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Report 2020FM20686R01E, 13 August 2020, tested a nonwoven filter medium against influenza A virus (H3N2) under ISO 18184:2014. Textile Testing Institute – Brno (TZÚ), Test Report AZL 26/0757-02, 3 July 2026, a laboratory accredited to ISO/IEC 17025, tested a MERV 15A filter medium under ISO 20743 and ISO 18184. Instituto Valenciano de Microbiología, Report D/26/B0483, 6 August 2026, tested a VOLZ PROsyntex PLUS PM1 70 filter medium against Aspergillus brasiliensis and Aspergillus niger under ISO 13629-2:2014. Each measures what is recovered from a treated medium against an untreated control, and none is an airborne or in-use result. The Viruses page shows airborne virus at 1.3 m/s airflow, NanoFlashing™ beside a control, and states: “NanoFlashing™ captures the virus, and destroys it.” The Mold page shows airborne mold spores at 1.6 m/s airflow, NanoFlashing™ beside a control, and states: “NanoFlashing™ captures the mold, and destroys it.” The Mold page also states that researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, in a study with funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, tested NanoFlashing™ with more than 100 million live, dry spores driven in by fast-moving air. Scientific Reports (2023) 13:13947 compared a C-POLAR treated filter with an untreated spunlace nonwoven filter against an aerosolised pseudotyped virus. The peer-reviewed paper is Gong, Or, Sze et al., Microbiology Spectrum 12(9), e0409723, American Society for Microbiology, September 2024, doi 10.1128/spectrum.04097-23. The paper reports laboratory results on SARS-CoV-2 in contact with treated textile, on aerosolised bovine coronavirus passed through a test filter in a wind tunnel, and on bacterial viability on treated textiles; each result belongs to the article that was tested.

Source: C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., section 2.6; OEKO-TEX Label Check, read 19 September 2026, https://www.oeko-tex.com/en/label-check; Eurovent Certita Certification certified product directory, read 19 September 2026, https://www.eurovent-certification.com/; Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Report 2020FM20686R01E, 13 August 2020; Textile Testing Institute – Brno (TZÚ), Test Report AZL 26/0757-02, 3 July 2026; Instituto Valenciano de Microbiología, Report D/26/B0483, 6 August 2026; Gong, Or, Sze et al., Microbiology Spectrum 12(9), e0409723, American Society for Microbiology, September 2024, doi 10.1128/spectrum.04097-23, https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.04097-23; Scientific Reports (2023) 13:13947; C-POLAR — Viruses, https://cpolar.tech/contaminants/viruses/; C-POLAR — Mold, https://cpolar.tech/contaminants/mold/. A copy may be made available on our review of the request.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Do proposed exclusivity or resale terms create obligations that need a separate competition-law review?

This site sells no products and publishes no price, and C-POLAR publishes no reseller terms.

The published Terms of Use state: “The Site is informational only. It does not sell products, accept orders, quote binding prices, or process payments.” They also state: “Unless a Separate Agreement expressly says otherwise, C-POLAR is not the manufacturer or seller of a finished product merely because that product uses or refers to C-POLAR technology.” C-POLAR does not publish the terms of its supply or distribution agreements, and it publishes no exclusivity, no advertised-price policy, no tie to another contract and no channel restriction, online or offline. The published Terms of Use state: “Accessing the Site or contacting C-POLAR through the Site does not create a partnership, agency, joint venture, distribution right, supply commitment, license, exclusive right, or other business relationship.” They add: “A prospective partner may rely only on a commitment stated in a Separate Agreement.” General enquiries go to [email protected]. A price and the terms attached to it come from the manufacturing partner or the seller that makes the offer, and a purchase from a separate online store is governed only by the terms presented there. The Terms of Use name two such stores, shop.cpolartechnologies.com and shopusa.cpolartechnologies.com; those two stores are C-POLAR's own. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

How can we correct a third-party error without claiming that every third-party statement is false?

C-POLAR publishes no procedure for correcting a third-party statement.

A claim made for a finished product belongs to the party that made it, and the company answers for its own published text.

When wording changes, the page at the same address carries the new text, and a copy held in a cache or an archive is not the company's current wording. The manufacturer and seller of a finished product are responsible for its design, manufacture, labeling, instructions, claims, sale, and warranty, except for a responsibility C-POLAR expressly accepts in a Separate Agreement. The Terms of Use state: “Nothing on the Site authorizes anyone to manufacture, integrate, market, resell, or describe a product as C-POLAR-enabled. Nothing authorizes anyone to describe itself as a C-POLAR partner. Written permission is required.”

The Terms of Use state that the Site may quote, summarize, name, or link to research, publications, people, institutions, products, and websites that C-POLAR does not control, and that this does not mean that C-POLAR endorses every statement in the third-party source. A correction to a statement made by another party is made by that party.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 5, 6, 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Which version of the central percentage reached each buyer, and how were qualified and unqualified versions distinguished?

Every claim sentence on the live pages that gives the central figure gives it with the words “up to”, as the Validation page does, and the company's two statements give no figure: what they state about destruction is the mechanism and its limits, the same in both markets.

The filter is intended to destroy the viruses, bacteria and fungal spores it captures. It destroys them on direct contact with the positive electric charge, by physical means, and only while the organism is captured by the positive electric charge. That wording is section 2.6 of the Statement of Classification for the United States and section 2.6 of the Statement of Regulatory Status for the European Union, word for word.

A claim printed on a finished product is made by the manufacturer and seller of that product. When wording changes, the page at the same address carries the new text, and a copy held in a cache or an archive is not the company's current wording.

Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., section 2.6; Statement of Regulatory Status for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, C-POLAR Technologies, Inc., 11 September 2026, section 2.6; C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 6, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

What evidence supports every reasonable consumer interpretation of the statement that the product adds nothing to what passes through?

The statement rests on how the filter is built, as the Statement of Classification sets out at section 2.4.

It states: “The filter is passive. It draws no power, and it has no power supply, electrode, lamp or reservoir. It generates no ozone and emits nothing into the air passing through it.” It is a statement about the air passing through the filter. The air leaving the filter has had nothing added to it. The company publishes no emissions, shedding or leaching study. NanoFlashing™ is a permanent positive polarity engineered into filter media itself. It is a physical property of the filter.

Source: Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, section 2.4, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.; C-POLAR — NanoFlashing™, https://cpolar.tech/nanoflashing/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Do displayed institutional names or credentials create a whole-product endorsement impression beyond the actual document scope?

A name on the page identifies who did a piece of work, and it is not an endorsement of the company or of a product.

The Terms of Use state: “A citation, quotation, name, logo, link, or third-party test does not by itself mean that the third party sponsors, endorses, certifies, or approves C-POLAR, a C-POLAR product, a Site claim, or a proposed use.” The Terms of Use also state that the Site may quote, summarize, name, or link to research, publications, people, institutions, products, and websites that C-POLAR does not control, and that this does not mean that C-POLAR endorses every statement in the third-party source.

The Validation page names the institutions that tested the pathogens, and it names the air-filter and safety records by institution and number; an institution's name is not itself a result. The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 7, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Validation, https://cpolar.tech/validation/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

If earlier wording was corrected, what did existing purchasers receive about the change and any practical consequences?

C-POLAR publishes no record of notices sent to purchasers about a change in wording.

A claim made for a finished product belongs to the party that made it, and the company answers for its own published text.

When wording changes, the page at the same address carries the new text, and a copy held in a cache or an archive is not the company's current wording. The manufacturer and seller of a finished product are responsible for its design, manufacture, labeling, instructions, claims, sale, and warranty, except for a responsibility C-POLAR expressly accepts in a Separate Agreement. The Terms of Use state: “Nothing on the Site authorizes anyone to manufacture, integrate, market, resell, or describe a product as C-POLAR-enabled. Nothing authorizes anyone to describe itself as a C-POLAR partner. Written permission is required.”

The Terms of Use state that the Site may quote, summarize, name, or link to research, publications, people, institutions, products, and websites that C-POLAR does not control, and that this does not mean that C-POLAR endorses every statement in the third-party source. A correction to a statement made by another party is made by that party. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 5, 6, 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Which reseller, influencer or partner statements did the company authorize, adopt, repeat or leave uncorrected after receiving notice?

C-POLAR publishes no list of reseller, influencer or partner statements; nothing on the Site authorizes anyone to market, resell or describe a product as C-POLAR-enabled, and written permission is required.

The Terms of Use state: “Nothing on the Site authorizes anyone to manufacture, integrate, market, resell, or describe a product as C-POLAR-enabled. Nothing authorizes anyone to describe itself as a C-POLAR partner. Written permission is required.” They also state: “Do not use Site Content to select, design, manufacture, validate, or make claims for a finished product.” C-POLAR markets a materials technology, and the manufacturer and seller of a finished product are responsible for its design, manufacture, labeling, instructions, claims, sale, and warranty. The Terms add that a prospective partner may rely only on a commitment stated in a Separate Agreement, which is a written agreement signed by an authorized C-POLAR officer. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use (https://cpolar.tech/terms/).

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

What proves that a purchaser assented to any term the company proposes to rely on against a claim?

The Terms of Use become a contract only when they are accepted through a Site screen that clearly identifies the action as acceptance.

They state that merely viewing an ungated public page is not acceptance of them, and that before the Site gives access to gated content or a gated feature it displays an unchecked box immediately beside a conspicuous link to the version then in effect. The contact form carries that box, and its wording is: “I have read and agree to the Terms of Use, including the US$100 liability cap, the obligations concerning certain third-party claims caused by business misuse, and the exclusive court location, and to the Privacy Policy.”

The Terms also state that a change applies only after its effective date and does not govern a dispute based on an event that happened earlier, and that the technical-operation section does not limit responsibility for a factual advertising statement that applicable law requires to be truthful and supported when made. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 2, 12 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Privacy Policy, https://cpolar.tech/privacy/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can a purchaser show that the disputed statement was visible before the purchase?

The company publishes no archive of its earlier wording.

The Terms of Use become a contract only when they are accepted through a Site screen that clearly identifies the action as acceptance. They state that merely viewing an ungated public page is not acceptance of them, and that before the Site gives access to gated content or a gated feature it displays an unchecked box immediately beside a conspicuous link to the version then in effect. The contact form carries that box, and its wording is: “I have read and agree to the Terms of Use, including the US$100 liability cap, the obligations concerning certain third-party claims caused by business misuse, and the exclusive court location, and to the Privacy Policy.”

The Terms also state that a change applies only after its effective date and does not govern a dispute based on an event that happened earlier, and that the technical-operation section does not limit responsibility for a factual advertising statement that applicable law requires to be truthful and supported when made. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 2, 12 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Privacy Policy, https://cpolar.tech/privacy/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Does the buyer's alleged loss arise from the claim or from a separate installation problem?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.” They also state: “A test of C-POLAR material, a component, or a prototype does not establish the performance of a finished product that incorporates it. Construction, processing, storage, wear, cleaning, other components, and actual use may change the result.” They also state: “Use evidence, specifications, instructions, and warnings specific to the actual finished product and use.”

What can be checked on any filter is the charge. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. The label states: “Results in a building depend on the system, the airflow, and how well the filter fits its track.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., sections 2.2 and 2.3; NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can different product versions require separate analysis in a proposed group claim?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Would a price-premium allegation need evidence about how the claimed feature affected price?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Does a contractual limitation apply to pre-contract advertising in the relevant dispute?

The Terms of Use state that their technical-operation section does not limit responsibility for a factual advertising statement that applicable law requires to be truthful and supported when made.

The Terms of Use become a contract only when they are accepted through a Site screen that clearly identifies the action as acceptance. They state that merely viewing an ungated public page is not acceptance of them, and that before the Site gives access to gated content or a gated feature it displays an unchecked box immediately beside a conspicuous link to the version then in effect. The contact form carries that box, and its wording is: “I have read and agree to the Terms of Use, including the US$100 liability cap, the obligations concerning certain third-party claims caused by business misuse, and the exclusive court location, and to the Privacy Policy.”

The Terms also state that a change applies only after its effective date and does not govern a dispute based on an event that happened earlier.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 2, 12 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Privacy Policy, https://cpolar.tech/privacy/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can a business purchaser rely on consumer remedies in the jurisdiction at issue?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Who has standing to challenge a competitor's comparative advertisement?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Would a temporary injunction affect unsold stock before the merits are decided?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can a correction reduce ongoing harm without conceding every allegation in a complaint?

C-POLAR does not comment on how a correction bears on a complaint.

A claim made for a finished product belongs to the party that made it, and the company answers for its own published text.

When wording changes, the page at the same address carries the new text, and a copy held in a cache or an archive is not the company's current wording. The manufacturer and seller of a finished product are responsible for its design, manufacture, labeling, instructions, claims, sale, and warranty, except for a responsibility C-POLAR expressly accepts in a Separate Agreement. The Terms of Use state: “Nothing on the Site authorizes anyone to manufacture, integrate, market, resell, or describe a product as C-POLAR-enabled. Nothing authorizes anyone to describe itself as a C-POLAR partner. Written permission is required.”

The Terms of Use state that the Site may quote, summarize, name, or link to research, publications, people, institutions, products, and websites that C-POLAR does not control, and that this does not mean that C-POLAR endorses every statement in the third-party source. A correction to a statement made by another party is made by that party.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 5, 6, 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Does repeating an unverified scam allegation create a separate defamation risk?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The company's text is the page at its address on cpolar.tech. The Terms of Use state that Site Content may become outdated after the publication or review date shown with it. A copy held in a cache, an archive or a screenshot is not the company's current wording. The machine-readable version of each page carries the line that nothing in it is paraphrased, shortened or added to, and the date the page was last reviewed.

The company publishes no anti-forgery feature for a document, and a document or a message presented in its name is checked with it at [email protected] and +1 604 630 6830. The Terms of Use state: “A citation, quotation, name, logo, link, or third-party test does not by itself mean that the third party sponsors, endorses, certifies, or approves C-POLAR, a C-POLAR product, a Site claim, or a proposed use.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can a journalist quote a filed allegation without treating it as a judicial finding?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The company's text is the page at its address on cpolar.tech. The Terms of Use state that Site Content may become outdated after the publication or review date shown with it. A copy held in a cache, an archive or a screenshot is not the company's current wording. The machine-readable version of each page carries the line that nothing in it is paraphrased, shortened or added to, and the date the page was last reviewed.

The company publishes no anti-forgery feature for a document, and a document or a message presented in its name is checked with it at [email protected] and +1 604 630 6830. The Terms of Use state: “A citation, quotation, name, logo, link, or third-party test does not by itself mean that the third party sponsors, endorses, certifies, or approves C-POLAR, a C-POLAR product, a Site claim, or a proposed use.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

What difference does it make if a claim was settled without admission of liability?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can an arbitration provision bind someone who bought through a reseller?

The Terms of Use contain no arbitration provision; they set a court process.

They state that Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern, that before filing a lawsuit the claimant must send written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested, that neither party may file for 30 days after receipt, and that any lawsuit must be filed in the state courts located in Clark County, Nevada, or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. They state that mandatory consumer rights that cannot be waived remain in force, and that if mandatory consumer law gives a consumer the right to use another court, that right controls.

These Terms cover the Site and Site Content. They do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product, and a purchase from a separate online store is governed only by the terms presented there. The Terms of Use name two such stores, shop.cpolartechnologies.com and shopusa.cpolartechnologies.com; those two stores are C-POLAR's own. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 1, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Does a dispute deadline run from purchase, discovery of the issue or another event?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The Terms of Use state that Site Content is general information and not medical, clinical, engineering, manufacturing, safety, or other professional advice. What it states about the Site itself is section 16 of the Terms of Use: Nevada law and applicable United States federal law govern; a written notice describing the material facts, the legal basis and the relief requested goes to [email protected] with the subject “Legal Notice” and by a tracked delivery method to the company's notice address; neither party may file for 30 days after that notice is received; and a lawsuit is filed in the state courts in Clark County, Nevada or in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

These Terms do not govern the sale, delivery, installation, return, warranty, or use of a finished product. NanoFlashing™ is a technology; the name, rating and sale of a product that carries it are set by that product's maker and seller.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 3, 6 and 16, https://cpolar.tech/terms/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can an expert opinion distinguish failure of the material from failure of the surrounding system?

A published result belongs to the article that was tested, under the conditions named in the report that recorded it.

The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.” They also state: “A test of C-POLAR material, a component, or a prototype does not establish the performance of a finished product that incorporates it. Construction, processing, storage, wear, cleaning, other components, and actual use may change the result.” They also state: “Use evidence, specifications, instructions, and warnings specific to the actual finished product and use.”

What can be checked on any filter is the charge. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. The label states: “Results in a building depend on the system, the airflow, and how well the filter fits its track.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., sections 2.2 and 2.3; NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Are litigation sampling results representative of the products actually sold to claimants?

A published result belongs to the article that was tested, under the conditions named in the report that recorded it.

The Terms of Use state: “A reported result describes only what the identified test found.” They also state: “A test of C-POLAR material, a component, or a prototype does not establish the performance of a finished product that incorporates it. Construction, processing, storage, wear, cleaning, other components, and actual use may change the result.” They also state: “Use evidence, specifications, instructions, and warnings specific to the actual finished product and use.”

What can be checked on any filter is the charge. The polarity is a positive electric charge at rest. It is measured as surface charge density, in nanocoulombs per square centimetre. The charge is measured on every production run, and the measurement can be repeated on any filter, upon request. The label states: “Results in a building depend on the system, the airflow, and how well the filter fits its track.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 3, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, NF Technical Products Inc., sections 2.2 and 2.3; NanoFlashing™ Air Filter label.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Could loss of electronic source metadata affect the admissibility of a disputed screenshot?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

The company's text is the page at its address on cpolar.tech. The Terms of Use state that Site Content may become outdated after the publication or review date shown with it. A copy held in a cache, an archive or a screenshot is not the company's current wording. The machine-readable version of each page carries the line that nothing in it is paraphrased, shortened or added to, and the date the page was last reviewed.

The company publishes no anti-forgery feature for a document, and a document or a message presented in its name is checked with it at [email protected] and +1 604 630 6830. The Terms of Use state: “A citation, quotation, name, logo, link, or third-party test does not by itself mean that the third party sponsors, endorses, certifies, or approves C-POLAR, a C-POLAR product, a Site claim, or a proposed use.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Does an internal legal review retain confidentiality when shared with a commercial partner?

The company does not give legal advice, and it does not comment on how a claim would be decided.

Confidential material is not to be sent through a general form on this site. The Terms of Use state that C-POLAR does not accept a duty of confidentiality for material sent through a general Site form unless a Separate Agreement covering that material is already in force. The contact form asks for first name, last name, work email, company and a message, and the Privacy Policy states that a submission is received through Mailchimp, an Intuit service, and that every successful submission adds the work email address to a C-POLAR mailing list. Drawings, specifications and other proprietary material are exchanged under a signed agreement, and an enquiry about putting one in place goes to [email protected].

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, section 10, https://cpolar.tech/terms/, C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/, and C-POLAR — Privacy Policy, https://cpolar.tech/privacy/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Can a competitor's legal threat be independently authenticated before it is publicised?

The company does not give legal advice, and it publishes no procedure for authenticating another party's legal threat.

The company's text is the page at its address on cpolar.tech. The Terms of Use state that Site Content may become outdated after the publication or review date shown with it. A copy held in a cache, an archive or a screenshot is not the company's current wording. The machine-readable version of each page carries the line that nothing in it is paraphrased, shortened or added to, and the date the page was last reviewed.

The company publishes no anti-forgery feature for a document, and a document or a message presented in its name is checked with it at [email protected] and +1 604 630 6830. The Terms of Use state: “A citation, quotation, name, logo, link, or third-party test does not by itself mean that the third party sponsors, endorses, certifies, or approves C-POLAR, a C-POLAR product, a Site claim, or a proposed use.”

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/; C-POLAR — Contact, https://cpolar.tech/contact/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Would a proposed settlement require correction of claims as well as monetary compensation?

C-POLAR publishes no settlement and gives no view on what one would require.

A claim made for a finished product belongs to the party that made it, and the company answers for its own published text.

When wording changes, the page at the same address carries the new text, and a copy held in a cache or an archive is not the company's current wording. The manufacturer and seller of a finished product are responsible for its design, manufacture, labeling, instructions, claims, sale, and warranty, except for a responsibility C-POLAR expressly accepts in a Separate Agreement. The Terms of Use state: “Nothing on the Site authorizes anyone to manufacture, integrate, market, resell, or describe a product as C-POLAR-enabled. Nothing authorizes anyone to describe itself as a C-POLAR partner. Written permission is required.”

The Terms of Use state that the Site may quote, summarize, name, or link to research, publications, people, institutions, products, and websites that C-POLAR does not control, and that this does not mean that C-POLAR endorses every statement in the third-party source. A correction to a statement made by another party is made by that party.

Source: C-POLAR — Terms of Use, sections 5, 6, 7 and 13, https://cpolar.tech/terms/; C-POLAR — Home, https://cpolar.tech/.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.

Has the company ever received a warning letter or an enforcement action from a regulator, or been a party to a lawsuit, over its claims?

No: C-POLAR has not received a warning letter or an enforcement action from a regulator over its claims about NanoFlashing™, and it has not been a party to a lawsuit over them.

The company classifies the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter as a device under Section 2(h) of FIFRA, 7 U.S.C. § 136(h), and 40 C.F.R. § 152.500(a), and it accepts that each of the requirements 40 C.F.R. § 152.500(b) lists for a device applies to the article. No agency has approved, registered or cleared the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter. The company classifies the article itself.

Source: C-POLAR, company record, confirmed 21 September 2026; Statement of Classification for the NanoFlashing™ Air Filter, sections 3.7 and 4.1, issued by NF Technical Products Inc.

Reviewed on 21 September 2026.